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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> Python 爬虫利器之 Pyppeteer 的用法 </h1>
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                <p>如果大家对 Python 爬虫有所了解的话，想必你应该听说过 Selenium 这个库，这实际上是一个自动化测试工具，现在已经被广泛用于网络爬虫中来应对 JavaScript 渲染的页面的抓取。 但 Selenium 用的时候有个麻烦事，就是环境的相关配置，得安装好相关浏览器，比如 Chrome、Firefox 等等，然后还要到官方网站去下载对应的驱动，最重要的还需要安装对应的 Python Selenium 库，确实是不是很方便，另外如果要做大规模部署的话，环境配置的一些问题也是个头疼的事情。 那么本节就介绍另一个类似的替代品，叫做 Pyppeteer。注意，是叫做 Pyppeteer，不是 Puppeteer。Puppeteer 是 Google 基于 Node.js 开发的一个工具，有了它我们可以通过 JavaScript 来控制 Chrome 浏览器的一些操作，当然也可以用作网络爬虫上，其 API 极其完善，功能非常强大。 而 Pyppeteer 又是什么呢？它实际上是 Puppeteer 的 Python 版本的实现，但他不是 Google 开发的，是一位来自于日本的工程师依据 Puppeteer 的一些功能开发出来的非官方版本。 在 Pyppetter 中，实际上它背后也是有一个类似 Chrome 浏览器的 Chromium 浏览器在执行一些动作进行网页渲染，首先说下 Chrome 浏览器和 Chromium 浏览器的渊源。</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>Chromium 是谷歌为了研发 Chrome 而启动的项目，是完全开源的。二者基于相同的源代码构建，Chrome 所有的新功能都会先在 Chromium 上实现，待验证稳定后才会移植，因此 Chromium 的版本更新频率更高，也会包含很多新的功能，但作为一款独立的浏览器，Chromium 的用户群体要小众得多。两款浏览器“同根同源”，它们有着同样的 Logo，但配色不同，Chrome 由蓝红绿黄四种颜色组成，而 Chromium 由不同深度的蓝色构成。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p><img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-07-26-image-20190325031516968.png" alt=""> 总的来说，两款浏览器的内核是一样的，实现方式也是一样的，可以认为是开发版和正式版的区别，功能上基本是没有太大区别的。 Pyppeteer 就是依赖于 Chromium 这个浏览器来运行的。那么有了 Pyppeteer 之后，我们就可以免去那些繁琐的环境配置等问题。如果第一次运行的时候，Chromium 浏览器没有安全，那么程序会帮我们自动安装和配置，就免去了繁琐的环境配置等工作。另外 Pyppeteer 是基于 Python 的新特性 async 实现的，所以它的一些执行也支持异步操作，效率相对于 Selenium 来说也提高了。 那么下面就让我们来一起了解下 Pyppeteer 的相关用法吧。</p>
                <h2 id="安装"><a href="#安装" class="headerlink" title="安装"></a>安装</h2>
                <p>首先就是安装问题了，由于 Pyppeteer 采用了 Python 的 async 机制，所以其运行要求的 Python 版本为 3.5 及以上。 安装方式非常简单：</p>
                <figure class="highlight cmake">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pip3 <span class="keyword">install</span> pyppeteer</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>好了，安装完成之后我们命令行下测试下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight elm">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">\&gt;&gt;&gt; <span class="keyword">import</span> pyppeteer</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>如果没有报错，那么就证明安装成功了。</p>
                <h2 id="快速上手"><a href="#快速上手" class="headerlink" title="快速上手"></a>快速上手</h2>
                <p>接下来我们测试下基本的页面渲染操作，这里我们选用的网址为：<a href="http://quotes.toscrape.com/js/，这个页面是" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://quotes.toscrape.com/js/，这个页面是</a> JavaScript 渲染而成的，用基本的 requests 库请求得到的 HTML 结果里面是不包含页面中所见的条目内容的。 为了证明 requests 无法完成正常的抓取，我们可以先用如下代码来测试一下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight perl">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line">from pyquery import PyQuery as pq</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'http://quotes.toscrape.com/js/'</span></span><br><span class="line">response = requests.get(url)</span><br><span class="line">doc = p<span class="string">q(response.text)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'Quotes:'</span>, doc(<span class="string">'.quote'</span>).length)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里首先使用 requests 来请求网页内容，然后使用 pyquery 来解析页面中的每一个条目。观察源码之后我们发现每个条目的 class 名为 quote，所以这里选用了 .quote 这个 CSS 选择器来选择，最后输出条目数量。 运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight yaml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">Quotes:</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>结果是 0，这就证明使用 requests 是无法正常抓取到相关数据的。因为什么？因为这个页面是 JavaScript 渲染而成的，我们所看到的内容都是网页加载后又执行了 JavaScript 之后才呈现出来的，因此这些条目数据并不存在于原始 HTML 代码中，而 requests 仅仅抓取的是原始 HTML 代码。 好的，所以遇到这种类型的网站我们应该怎么办呢？ 其实答案有很多：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>分析网页源代码数据，如果数据是隐藏在 HTML 中的其他地方，以 JavaScript 变量的形式存在，直接提取就好了。</li>
                  <li>分析 Ajax，很多数据可能是经过 Ajax 请求时候获取的，所以可以分析其接口。</li>
                  <li>模拟 JavaScript 渲染过程，直接抓取渲染后的结果。</li>
                </ul>
                <p>而 Pyppeteer 和 Selenium 就是用的第三种方法，下面我们再用 Pyppeteer 来试试，如果用 Pyppeteer 实现如上页面的抓取的话，代码就可以写为如下形式：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> asyncio</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pyppeteer <span class="keyword">import</span> launch</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pyquery <span class="keyword">import</span> PyQuery <span class="keyword">as</span> pq</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">async</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    browser = <span class="keyword">await</span> launch()</span><br><span class="line">    page = <span class="keyword">await</span> browser.newPage()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">await</span> page.goto(<span class="string">'http://quotes.toscrape.com/js/'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    doc = pq(<span class="keyword">await</span> page.content())</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'Quotes:'</span>, doc(<span class="string">'.quote'</span>).length)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">await</span> browser.close()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(main())</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight yaml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">Quotes:</span> <span class="number">10</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>看运行结果，这说明我们就成功匹配出来了 class 为 quote 的条目，总数为 10 条，具体的内容可以进一步使用 pyquery 解析查看。 那么这里面的过程发生了什么？ 实际上，Pyppeteer 整个流程就完成了浏览器的开启、新建页面、页面加载等操作。另外 Pyppeteer 里面进行了异步操作，所以需要配合 async/await 关键词来实现。 首先， launch 方法会新建一个 Browser 对象，然后赋值给 browser，然后调用 newPage 方法相当于浏览器中新建了一个选项卡，同时新建了一个 Page 对象。然后 Page 对象调用了 goto 方法就相当于在浏览器中输入了这个 URL，浏览器跳转到了对应的页面进行加载，加载完成之后再调用 content 方法，返回当前浏览器页面的源代码。然后进一步地，我们用 pyquery 进行同样地解析，就可以得到 JavaScript 渲染的结果了。 另外其他的一些方法如调用 asyncio 的 get_event_loop 等方法的相关操作则属于 Python 异步 async 相关的内容了，大家如果不熟悉可以了解下 Python 的 async/await 的相关知识。 好，通过上面的代码，我们就可以完成 JavaScript 渲染页面的爬取了。 在这个过程中，我们没有配置 Chrome 浏览器，没有配置浏览器驱动，免去了一些繁琐的步骤，同样达到了 Selenium 的效果，还实现了异步抓取，爽歪歪！ 接下来我们再看看另外一个例子，这个例子可以模拟网页截图，保存 PDF，另外还可以执行自定义的 JavaScript 获得特定的内容，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> asyncio</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pyppeteer <span class="keyword">import</span> launch</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">async</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    browser = <span class="keyword">await</span> launch()</span><br><span class="line">    page = <span class="keyword">await</span> browser.newPage()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">await</span> page.goto(<span class="string">'http://quotes.toscrape.com/js/'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">await</span> page.screenshot(path=<span class="string">'example.png'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">await</span> page.pdf(path=<span class="string">'example.pdf'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    dimensions = <span class="keyword">await</span> page.evaluate(<span class="string">'''() =&gt; &#123;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        return &#123;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">            width: document.documentElement.clientWidth,</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">            height: document.documentElement.clientHeight,</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">            deviceScaleFactor: window.devicePixelRatio,</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        &#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    &#125;'''</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    print(dimensions)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># &gt;&gt;&gt; &#123;'width': 800, 'height': 600, 'deviceScaleFactor': 1&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">await</span> browser.close()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(main())</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们又用到了几个新的 API，完成了网页截图保存、网页导出 PDF 保存、执行 JavaScript 并返回对应数据。 首先 screenshot 方法可以传入保存的图片路径，另外还可以指定保存格式 type、清晰度 quality、是否全屏 fullPage、裁切 clip 等各个参数实现截图。 截图的样例如下： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-07-26-image-20190325095645072.png" alt=""> 可以看到它返回的就是 JavaScript 渲染后的页面。 pdf 方法也是类似的，只不过页面保存格式不一样，最后得到一个多页的 pdf 文件，样例如下： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-07-26-image-20190325095759738.png" alt=""> 可见其内容也是 JavaScript 渲染后的内容，另外这个方法还可以指定放缩大小 scale、页码范围 pageRanges、宽高 width 和 height、方向 landscape 等等参数，导出定制化的 pdf 用这个方法就十分方便。 最后我们又调用了 evaluate 方法执行了一些 JavaScript，JavaScript 传入的是一个函数，使用 return 方法返回了网页的宽高、像素大小比率三个值，最后得到的是一个 JSON 格式的对象，内容如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight yaml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="string">&#123;'width':</span> <span class="number">800</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="attr">'height':</span> <span class="number">600</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="attr">'deviceScaleFactor':</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="string">&#125;</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>OK，实例就先感受到这里，还有太多太多的功能还没提及。 总之利用 Pyppeteer 我们可以控制浏览器执行几乎所有动作，想要的操作和功能基本都可以实现，用它来自由地控制爬虫当然就不在话下了。</p>
                <h2 id="详细用法"><a href="#详细用法" class="headerlink" title="详细用法"></a>详细用法</h2>
                <p>了解了基本的实例之后，我们再来梳理一下 Pyppeteer 的一些基本和常用操作。Pyppeteer 的几乎所有功能都能在其官方文档的 API Reference 里面找到，链接为：<a href="https://miyakogi.github.io/pyppeteer/reference.html，用到哪个方法就来这里查询就好了，参数不必死记硬背，即用即查就好" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://miyakogi.github.io/pyppeteer/reference.html，用到哪个方法就来这里查询就好了，参数不必死记硬背，即用即查就好</a>。</p>
                <h3 id="开启浏览器"><a href="#开启浏览器" class="headerlink" title="开启浏览器"></a>开启浏览器</h3>
                <p>使用 Pyppeteer 的第一步便是启动浏览器，首先我们看下怎样启动一个浏览器，其实就相当于我们点击桌面上的浏览器图标一样，把它开起来。用 Pyppeteer 完成同样的操作，只需要调用 launch 方法即可。 我们先看下 launch 方法的 API，链接为：<a href="https://miyakogi.github.io/pyppeteer/reference.html#pyppeteer.launcher.launch" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://miyakogi.github.io/pyppeteer/reference.html#pyppeteer.launcher.launch</a>，其方法定义如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight less">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">pyppeteer</span><span class="selector-class">.launcher</span><span class="selector-class">.launch</span>(<span class="attribute">options</span>: dict = None, **kwargs) → <span class="selector-tag">pyppeteer</span><span class="selector-class">.browser</span><span class="selector-class">.Browser</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到它处于 launcher 模块中，参数没有在声明中特别指定，返回类型是 browser 模块中的 Browser 对象，另外观察源码发现这是一个 async 修饰的方法，所以调用它的时候需要使用 await。 接下来看看它的参数：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>ignoreHTTPSErrors (bool): 是否要忽略 HTTPS 的错误，默认是 False。</li>
                  <li>headless (bool): 是否启用 Headless 模式，即无界面模式，如果 devtools 这个参数是 True 的话，那么该参数就会被设置为 False，否则为 True，即默认是开启无界面模式的。</li>
                  <li>executablePath (str): 可执行文件的路径，如果指定之后就不需要使用默认的 Chromium 了，可以指定为已有的 Chrome 或 Chromium。</li>
                  <li>slowMo (int|float): 通过传入指定的时间，可以减缓 Pyppeteer 的一些模拟操作。</li>
                  <li>args (List[str]): 在执行过程中可以传入的额外参数。</li>
                  <li>ignoreDefaultArgs (bool): 不使用 Pyppeteer 的默认参数，如果使用了这个参数，那么最好通过 args 参数来设定一些参数，否则可能会出现一些意想不到的问题。这个参数相对比较危险，慎用。</li>
                  <li>handleSIGINT (bool): 是否响应 SIGINT 信号，也就是可以使用 Ctrl + C 来终止浏览器程序，默认是 True。</li>
                  <li>handleSIGTERM (bool): 是否响应 SIGTERM 信号，一般是 kill 命令，默认是 True。</li>
                  <li>handleSIGHUP (bool): 是否响应 SIGHUP 信号，即挂起信号，比如终端退出操作，默认是 True。</li>
                  <li>dumpio (bool): 是否将 Pyppeteer 的输出内容传给 process.stdout 和 process.stderr 对象，默认是 False。</li>
                  <li>userDataDir (str): 即用户数据文件夹，即可以保留一些个性化配置和操作记录。</li>
                  <li>env (dict): 环境变量，可以通过字典形式传入。</li>
                  <li>devtools (bool): 是否为每一个页面自动开启调试工具，默认是 False。如果这个参数设置为 True，那么 headless 参数就会无效，会被强制设置为 False。</li>
                  <li>logLevel (int|str): 日志级别，默认和 root logger 对象的级别相同。</li>
                  <li>autoClose (bool): 当一些命令执行完之后，是否自动关闭浏览器，默认是 True。</li>
                  <li>loop (asyncio.AbstractEventLoop): 时间循环对象。</li>
                </ul>
                <p>好了，知道这些参数之后，我们可以先试试看。 首先可以试用下最常用的参数 headless，如果我们将它设置为 True 或者默认不设置它，在启动的时候我们是看不到任何界面的，如果把它设置为 False，那么在启动的时候就可以看到界面了，一般我们在调试的时候会把它设置为 False，在生产环境上就可以设置为 True，我们先尝试一下关闭 headless 模式：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> asyncio</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pyppeteer <span class="keyword">import</span> launch</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">async</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">await</span> launch(headless=<span class="literal">False</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">await</span> asyncio.sleep(<span class="number">100</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(main())</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行之后看不到任何控制台输出，但是这时候就会出现一个空白的 Chromium 界面了： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-07-26-image-20190416075926432.png" alt=""> 但是可以看到这就是一个光秃秃的浏览器而已，看一下相关信息： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-07-26-image-20190416080103093.png" alt=""> 看到了，这就是 Chromium，上面还写了开发者内部版本，可以认为是开发版的 Chrome 浏览器就好。 另外我们还可以开启调试模式，比如在写爬虫的时候会经常需要分析网页结构还有网络请求，所以开启调试工具还是很有必要的，我们可以将 devtools 参数设置为 True，这样每开启一个界面就会弹出一个调试窗口，非常方便，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import asyncio</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pyppeteer import launch</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">async def main():</span><br><span class="line">    browser = await launch(<span class="attribute">devtools</span>=<span class="literal">True</span>)</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="built_in"> page </span>= await browser.newPage()</span><br><span class="line">    await page.goto(<span class="string">'https://www.baidu.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    await asyncio.sleep(100)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(main())</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>刚才说过 devtools 这个参数如果设置为了 True，那么 headless 就会被关闭了，界面始终会显现出来。在这里我们新建了一个页面，打开了百度，界面运行效果如下： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-07-26-image-20190416081010098.png" alt=""> 这时候我们可以看到上面的一条提示：”Chrome 正受到自动测试软件的控制”，这个提示条有点烦，那咋关闭呢？这时候就需要用到 args 参数了，禁用操作如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ini">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">browser</span> = await launch(headless=<span class="literal">False</span>, args=[<span class="string">'--disable-infobars'</span>])</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里就不再写完整代码了，就是在 launch 方法中，args 参数通过 list 形式传入即可，这里使用的是 —disable-infobars 的参数。 另外有人就说了，这里你只是把提示关闭了，有些网站还是会检测到是 webdriver 吧，比如淘宝检测到是 webdriver 就会禁止登录了，我们可以试试：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import asyncio</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pyppeteer import launch</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">async def main():</span><br><span class="line">    browser = await launch(<span class="attribute">headless</span>=<span class="literal">False</span>)</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="built_in"> page </span>= await browser.newPage()</span><br><span class="line">    await page.goto(<span class="string">'https://www.taobao.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    await asyncio.sleep(100)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(main())</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行时候进行一下登录，然后就会弹出滑块，自己手动拖动一下，然后就报错了，界面如下： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-07-26-image-20190416085103827.png" alt=""> 爬虫的时候看到这界面是很让人崩溃的吧，而且这时候我们还发现了页面的 bug，整个浏览器窗口比显示的内容窗口要大，这个是某些页面会出现的情况，让人看起来很不爽。 我们可以先解决一下这个显示的 bug，需要设置下 window-size 还有 viewport，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> asyncio</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pyppeteer <span class="keyword">import</span> launch</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">width, height = <span class="number">1366</span>, <span class="number">768</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">async</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    browser = <span class="keyword">await</span> launch(headless=<span class="literal">False</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                           args=[<span class="string">f'--window-size=<span class="subst">&#123;width&#125;</span>,<span class="subst">&#123;height&#125;</span>'</span>])</span><br><span class="line">    page = <span class="keyword">await</span> browser.newPage()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">await</span> page.setViewport(&#123;<span class="string">'width'</span>: width, <span class="string">'height'</span>: height&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">await</span> page.goto(<span class="string">'https://www.taobao.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">await</span> asyncio.sleep(<span class="number">100</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(main())</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样整个界面就正常了： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-07-26-image-20190416090302627.png" alt=""> OK，那刚才所说的 webdriver 检测问题怎样来解决呢？其实淘宝主要通过 window.navigator.webdriver 来对 webdriver 进行检测，所以我们只需要使用 JavaScript 将它设置为 false 即可，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> asyncio</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pyppeteer <span class="keyword">import</span> launch</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">async</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    browser = <span class="keyword">await</span> launch(headless=<span class="literal">False</span>, args=[<span class="string">'--disable-infobars'</span>])</span><br><span class="line">    page = <span class="keyword">await</span> browser.newPage()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">await</span> page.goto(<span class="string">'https://login.taobao.com/member/login.jhtml?redirectURL=https://www.taobao.com/'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">await</span> page.evaluate(</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'''() =&gt;&#123; Object.defineProperties(navigator,&#123; webdriver:&#123; get: () =&gt; false &#125; &#125;) &#125;'''</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">await</span> asyncio.sleep(<span class="number">100</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(main())</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里没加输入用户名密码的代码，当然后面可以自行添加，下面打开之后，我们点击输入用户名密码，然后这时候会出现一个滑动条，这里滑动的话，就可以通过了，如图所示： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-07-26-image-20190416205859048.png" alt=""> OK，这样的话我们就成功规避了 webdriver 的检测，使用鼠标拖动模拟就可以完成淘宝的登录了。 还有另一种方法可以进一步免去淘宝登录的烦恼，那就是设置用户目录。平时我们已经注意到，当我们登录淘宝之后，如果下次再次打开浏览器发现还是登录的状态。这是因为淘宝的一些关键 Cookies 已经保存到本地了，下次登录的时候可以直接读取并保持登录状态。 那么这些信息保存在哪里了呢？其实就是保存在用户目录下了，里面不仅包含了浏览器的基本配置信息，还有一些 Cache、Cookies 等各种信息都在里面，如果我们能在浏览器启动的时候读取这些信息，那么启动的时候就可以恢复一些历史记录甚至一些登录状态信息了。 这也就解决了一个问题：很多朋友在每次启动 Selenium 或 Pyppeteer 的时候总是是一个全新的浏览器，那就是没有设置用户目录，如果设置了它，每次打开就不再是一个全新的浏览器了，它可以恢复之前的历史记录，也可以恢复很多网站的登录信息。 那么这个怎么来做呢？很简单，在启动的时候设置 userDataDir 就好了，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import asyncio</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pyppeteer import launch</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">async def main():</span><br><span class="line">    browser = await launch(<span class="attribute">headless</span>=<span class="literal">False</span>, <span class="attribute">userDataDir</span>=<span class="string">'./userdata'</span>, args=[<span class="string">'--disable-infobars'</span>])</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="built_in"> page </span>= await browser.newPage()</span><br><span class="line">    await page.goto(<span class="string">'https://www.taobao.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    await asyncio.sleep(100)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(main())</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>好，这里就是加了一个 userDataDir 的属性，值为 userdata，即当前目录的 userdata 文件夹。我们可以首先运行一下，然后登录一次淘宝，这时候我们同时可以观察到在当前运行目录下又多了一个 userdata 的文件夹，里面的结构是这样子的： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-07-26-image-20190416211340444.png" alt=""> 具体的介绍可以看官方的一些说明，如：<a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/docs/user_data_dir.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/docs/user_data_dir.md</a>，这里面介绍了 userdatadir 的相关内容。 再次运行上面的代码，这时候可以发现现在就已经是登录状态了，不需要再次登录了，这样就成功跳过了登录的流程。当然可能时间太久了，Cookies 都过期了，那还是需要登录的。 好了，本想把 Pyppeteer 的用法详细介绍完的，结果只 launch 的方法就介绍这么多了，后面的内容放到其他文章来介绍了，其他的内容后续文章会陆续放出，谢谢。</p>
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